Famous Quotes About History

Famous Quotes About History We marvel at the ancient architectural wonders that attract tourists the world over. But the essence lies in the history of the foundation. Historys frozen music is like a mute sentinel who helps cultures survive. Victories and failures, traditions and heritage, make history ever changing. Yet history remains the same. Famous Quotes About History Read these famous history quotes and get drawn into the realms of the past. VoltaireHistory is only the register of crimes and misfortunes. Napoleon BonaparteWhat is history but a fable agreed upon? Karl MarxHistory repeats itself, first as tragedy, second as farce. Winston ChurchillHistory is written by the victors. Thomas JeffersonI like the dreams of the future better than the history of the past. John Maynard KeynesIdeas shape the course of history. William ShakespeareThere is a history in all mens lives. Mark TwainThe very ink with which history is written is merely fluid prejudice. Henry David ThoreauIt is remarkable how closely the history of the apple tree is connected with that of man. Alexander SmithI go into my library and all history unrolls before me. Robert HeinleinA generation which ignores history has no past and no future. Marshall McLuhanOnly the vanquished remember history. Mohandas GandhiA small body of determined spirits fired by an unquenchable faith in their mission can alter the course of history. Stephen CoveyLive out of your imagination, not your history. Martin Luther King, Jr.We are not makers of history. We are made by history. Dwight D. EisenhowerThings have never been more like the way they are today in history.

AI in cyber Defense Essays

AI in cyber Defense Essays AI in cyber Defense Essay AI in cyber Defense Essay The speed of procedures and the amount of data to be used in defending the cyber space cannot be controlled by humans without significant automation. On the other hand, It is hard to develop software with conservative fixed algorithms (hard-wired logic on decision making level) for efficiently defending In opposition to the vigorously evolving attacks in networks. The applications of artificial intelligence an be used to handle this situation that offers flexibility and learning potential to software. A brief review of artificial intelligence applications in cyber defense, and analysis of prospects of enhancing the cyber defense capabilities by increasing the intelligence of the defense systems have been presented in this paper. After surveying the papers available about artificial Intelligence applications In cyber defense, we conclude that useful applications are already present. They belong to applications of artificial neural nets in perimeter defense and some other cyber defense fields. So it has become clear that only AY techniques can guarantee successful solutions to many cyber defense problems. For instance, use of extensive knowledge Is essential In decision making, and Intelligent decision support Is so far one of unanswered problems in cyber defense. 1. INTRODUCTION: 1 . 1. Background of Study. 1. 1. 1 . Limitations in cyber security that are need to be addressed. Cyber security Is a multidisciplinary field that Is targeted on reduction of risks to the secrecy, affinity and integrity of data, information and resources in computer as well as in network systems. Modern systems have become much complex. Need for an intelligent, adaptive and multimode solution raises here for which best suited approach is artificial intelligence. [l]. There was not apparently strong collaboration between cyber security and artificial intelligence in early days. Researchers of AY were paying attention In making computers do things that only humans had been able to do, while security researchers Intended to fix the leaks In examining the computing communications or design communications they consider leak proof. Further, AY researchers were often most interested in building systems with behaviors that could hangs over time through knowledge or adaptation, and hence were to some degree unpredictable. From the security point of view, volatile system behavior seemed unwanted. But the two fields have developed closer over the years, mainly where human users but also at lower system layers. [2] 1. 1. 2. Why has the role of intelligent software in cyber operations augmented so rapidly? Looking closer at the cyber space, one can see the following answer. Artificial intelligence is required, first of all, for swift response to various scenarios in Internet. One has to be able to handle large annuity of information very fast in order to portray and investigate events that take place in cyber space and to make essential assessments. The speed of processes and the amount of data to be used cannot be controlled by humans without significant automation but, it is hard to develop software with conservative fixed algorithms (hard-wired logic on decision making level) for efficiently protecting against the assault in cyber space, because new deterioration become visible continuously. Here is a place for artificial intelligence methods. [3] 1. 2. PROBLEM DEFINITION: Do some artificial intelligence techniques exist to improve certain aspects of cyber security? 1. 2. 1 . Remarks concerning the problem definition. The aim of the thesis is to determine whether the possibilities in artificial intelligence can effectively address some of the limitations in todays cyber security. Figure : Cyber Attack. 2. ABOUT ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE: AY as an area of research is very old. It is equally old to electronic computers. There is possibility of building devices more intelligent than human beings from the early days of AY on the realm. The time realm moves away when time passes. A number of intelligently hard problems have been witnessed to be solved by computers like playing good chess. Chess playing was deemed a benchmark showing a real intelligence during the initial days of computer. Even in seventies of the last century, when the computer chess has reached on the masters level, it appeared almost impossible to make a program that could smack the world champion. However, this came about faster than estimated. Three reasons are important to mention here for success of chess computer: computing power has been increased, efficient search algorithms have been developed (that can be used in many applications beside chess, see the section on search below), and knowledge bases has been organized so well that they became able to include all available chess knowledge(first of all, opening and end games). In core, the chess problem could be solved because it was a specific intellectual problem which was related to professed narrow artificial intelligence. A special instance is translating from one language into another that Chamoiss work in structural linguistics, it was expected that the natural language translation problem will be solved soon. It has not happened yet, although success is evident in some specific applications like, for example, Googles AY linguistics. The reason is that this demand of artificial general intelligence possessing of an aptitude to handle large quantity of information in every field associated to human actions. It is usually acknowledged that AY can be considered in two manners: as a science intended at attempting to determine the fundamental nature of intelligence and emerging generally intelligent machines, or as a science providing ways for solving complex problems that cannot be solved without applying some intelligence eke, for example, playing good chess or making right decisions based on large amounts of data. [3]Len the present paper we will take the second approach, supporter for applying specific AY methods to cyber defense problems, and will refer to the existing AY algorithms described in [4]. . CHALLENGES IN INTELLIGENT CYBER DEFENSE: If we talk about the future research in development and applications of artificial intelligence techniques in cyber defense, we need to make a distinction between immediate objectives and long-term goals. Numbers of AY techniques are immediately applicable in cyber defense and a lot of problems are yet need to be dressed. We have talked about alre ady present immediate applications. One can expect encouraging perspectives of completely new principles of knowledge handling in situation management and decision making process. Proposed principles are introduction of a modular and hierarchical knowledge architecture. Expert systems are already being used in many applications, sometimes hidden inside an application, like in the security measures planning software. Still, expert systems can get wider application areas, if large knowledge bases will be developed. This will need substantial investment in knowledge achievement, and development of large dollar knowledge bases. Also further development of the expert system technology will be required: modularity must be introduced in the expert system tools, and hierarchical knowledge bases must be used. A futurist Ray Kurt well has extrapolated the development to come up with Singularity in 2045 [5]. One need not to believe in the Singularity threat, but the rapid development of information technology will definitely enable one to build considerably better intelligence into software in coming years. (Consider the recent impressive performance of IBM-s Watson program)[6]. Elementally of whether the GAG is available or Singularity moms, it is critical to have the ability to use better AY in cyber defense than the offenders have it. 4. PRESENT WORK OF AY IN CYBER DEFENSE: There are numerous useful applications available in the field of AY application cyber defense. They all belong to application of artificial neural nets in perimeter defense, and they are helping in solving many cyber defense problems. Wide knowledge usage is necessary in decision making, and the intelligent decision support is still to problem, which required human interference. We have grouped all AY methods and architectures in several categories like neural nets, expert system, intelligent agents, reach and machine learning. 4. 1 . Neural NetsNeural nets have long history that begins with the invention of perception by Frank Reasonable in 1957. Perception is an artificial neuron, and popular element of neural nets. Small number of perceptions combined together can learn and solve interesting problem. Neural nets consist of a large number of artificial neuron, which provides a functionality of parallel learning and decision making. They are suitable for learning pattern recognition, for classification, for selection of response to attack etc. They can be implemented either in hardware or in footwear. Neural nets are well applicable in intrusion detection and intrusion prevention. There have been proposals to use them in DOS detection, computer worm detection, spam, detection, zombie detection, mallard classification and in forensic investigations. The neural nets in cyber defense are popular because of their high speed, if implemented in hardware or used in graphic processors. There are new developments in the neural nets technology like third generation neural nets, spiking neural network that mimic biological neurons more realistically, and provide more application opportunities. Figure : Intrusion Alarm System. . 2. Expert Systemsalt is most widely used AY tools. It can be directly used for decision support, in cyberspace. An expert system includes a knowledge base where expert knowledge about a specific application domain is stored, it also includes an inference engine for deriving answers based on this knowledge and possibly additional knowledge about a situation. Empty know ledge base and inference engine are together called expert system. Developing an expert system means first selection of an expert system shell and second acquiring expert knowledge and filling the knowledge base with knowledge. There are many different knowledge representation forms in expert system, the most common is rule based representation. But the usefulness of expert system depends mainly on the quality of knowledge in the expert system depends mainly on the quality of knowledge in the expert system knowledge base. Example of cyber defense expert system is one for security planning. This expert system facilitates considerably selection of security measure, and provides guidance for optimal usage of limited resources. 4. 3. Intelligent agentslengthier agents are software components that process some torture of intelligent behavior that makes them special like protectiveness, understanding of an agent communication language (CAL), reactivity etc. They possess planning ability, mobility and reflection ability. Intelligent agents can consisting of mobile intelligent agents after solving some legal and also commercial problems. This will require implementation of infrastructure for supporting the cyber agent mobility and communication. This will require cooperation with Sips. 4. 4. SearchSearch is a universal method of problem solving that can be applied in all cases. Very little must be known in order to apply some general search algorithm n the formal setting of the search problem, one has to able generate candidates of solution, and a procedure must be available for deciding. The search is hidden in the software and it is not visible as an AY application. Search on and or trees, up-search, maxima search and stochastic search are useful in decision making for cyber defense. 4. 5. LearningLearning is improving a knowledge system by extending or rearranging its knowledge base or by improving the inference engine. Machine learning comprises computational methods for acquiring new knowledge, new skill and new ways to organize existing knowledge. Problem of learning fluctuates with respect to the complex from simple parametric learning which means learning values of some parameters, to complicated forms of symbolic learning, for example learning of concept, grammars, functions and learning of behavior. AY provides methods for both supervised learning as well as unsupervised learning. Data mining has originally grown out of unsupervised learning in AY. Unsupervised learning can be a functionality of neural nets, in particular of self organizing maps. Parallel learning algorithms are suitable for execution on parallel hardware. These learning methods re represented by genetic algorithms and neural nets. 4. 6. Video and CATV semantic analysis for terrorist or criminal action detectionA new generation of intelligent CATV cameras that can hear as well as see will alert police to crimes in progress by recognizing clues such as a person running or the sound of a scream. Researchers hope the smart cameras will have a dramatic impact on crime detection and prevention by cutting response times and ensuring that more incidents are caught on tape. The Daily Telegraphs Gordon Earner reports that a team at the University of Portsmouth has already developed software which enables Amerada to spot visual clues to anything from violent crime to vandalism, by looking for tell-tale signs such as someone raising their arm suddenly or even a snapped car aerial. This artificial intelligence software is now being taught to recognize sounds associated with crimes, including breaking glass, shouted obscenities, and car alarms going off. Cameras which hear the sounds will automatically swivel to the direction they have come from, and will alert the person monitoring the system to a possible crime progress. [7]. 5. ANALYTICAL CONCLUSION: The present situation of hastily growing intelligence of mallard and erudition of Weber attacks advocates that it is obvious to develop intelligent cyber defense methods. The incident of Dodos(Denial-of-service attack) alleviation has revealed that even a defense against large-scale attacks can be successful with relatively limited resources with usage of intelligent methods. An analysis of publications illustrates research in artificial neural nets. Applications of neural nets will continue in cyber defense. There is also an vital need for application of intelligent cyber defense systems in numerous fields where neural nets are not the most appropriate technology. These fields include decision support, situation awareness and knowledge management. Expert system technology is the most promising in this context. We are not sure about how rapid development of general artificial intelligence is ahead, but a threat exists that a new level of artificial intelligence may be used by the invaders, as soon as it becomes accessible. Clearly, the latest developments in knowledge understanding, representation and handling also in machine learning will significantly boost the cyber defense competence of systems that will utilize them.

Seed Tree and Shelterwood Harvesting Methods

Seed Tree and Shelterwood Harvesting Methods Even-aged Harvesting Methods Many tree species do not tolerate major shade during the early stages of development. These stages include early seedling germination, development and sapling growth stable enough to compete in mid-canopy.  These tree species have to have some light for regenerating and ensuring future even-aged stands for that species. Most of these timber types are mostly coniferous with a few exceptions. Commercially valuable trees that need light to naturally regenerate a new stand of the same species makes up a major part of even-aged harvesting schemes by foresters. The reproductive management of these trees in North America includes jack pine, loblolly pine, longleaf pine, lodgepole pine, ponderosa pine, slash pine. Notable intolerant hardwood species include many valuable commercial oaks plus yellow-poplar and sweetgum. Several reforestation systems and harvesting methods can be used to create even-aged stands.   While specific treatments vary across the U.S. by tree species and climate, the basic systems are clearcutting, seed tree and shelterwood. Shelterwood Even-aged stands must regenerate beneath the shade provided by mature trees left from the previous stand.   It is a major harvest scheme used in all regions of the United States. This includes regenerating loblolly pine in the South, Eastern white pine in the Northeast and ponderosa pine in the West. Preparing a typical shelterwood condition could include three possible types of cuttings: 1) a preliminary cut might be made to select high yielding trees to leave for seed production; 2) an establishment cut can be made that prepares a bare soil seed-bed  as well as trees that provide seed just before seed fall; and/or 3) a removal cut of overstory seed trees that have established seedlings and saplings but would be in competition if left to grow.   So, a shelterwood harvest would be done to leave seed-producing trees uniformly throughout the stand, in groups, or strips and, depending on seed  crop and species, can have between 40 and 100 crop trees.   As with seed tree harvests,  shelterwoods  are sometimes interplanted to supplement natural seeding.   Red and white oak, the southern pines, white  pine,  and sugar maple are examples of tree species that may be regenerated using the shelterwood harvesting method. Here are specific shelterwood terms that further explain this harvesting method: Shelterwood Cut - Removing trees on the  harvest  area in a series of two or more cuttings so new seedlings can grow from the seed of older trees. This method produces an even-aged forest. Shelterwood Logging  - Method of harvesting timber so that selected trees remain scattered throughout the tract to provide seeds for regeneration and shelter for seedlings. Shelterwood System  - An even-aged  silvicultural scheme in which a new stand is established under the protection of a partial canopy of trees. The mature stand is generally removed in a series of two or more cuts, the last leaving a new even-aged stand that is well developed. Seed Tree The seed tree reforestation method leaves healthy, mature trees with a good cone crop (usually 6 to 15 per acre) in the existing stand to provide seed for regenerating a new stand of trees.   Seed trees are typically removed after regeneration is established, especially when seedling levels are significant enough to  stand some logging losses. It is not unusual for a forest manager to  leave the seed trees for wildlife or aesthetics objectives. However, the primary objective of a seed tree regeneration harvest is to provide a natural seed source. Artificial planting of nursery seedlings may be used to supplement areas where natural seeding was not adequate.   White pine, the southern pines and several species of oak may be regenerated using the seed tree harvesting method. Clearcutting Removing in a single cutting all of the overstory trees in a stand to develop a new stand in a shade-free environment is called a clear or clean cut harvest. Depending on species and topography, reforestation can occur  by natural seeding, direct seeding, planting, or sprouting. See my feature on clearcutting: The Debate Over Clearcutting Each individual clearcut area is a unit in which regeneration, growth, and yield are monitored and managed specifically for wood production. That does not mean that all trees will be cut. Certain trees or groups of trees may be left for wildlife, and buffer strips are maintained to protect streams, wetlands, and special areas. Common tree species regenerated using clearcutting include the southern pines, Douglas-fir, red and white oak, jack pine, white birch, aspen, and yellow-poplar.

Human resource Take home exam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Human resource Take home exam - Essay Example In the current case of the employee in the boiler room, there is a clear evidence that the new manager followed the system of progressive discipline by beginning from mild warnings and moving towards suspension from work in response to a lack of any response from the grievant. The grievant increasingly non responsiveness to the concerns of the manager especially with respect to the maintenance of safety within the workplace were not considered by the grievant, who even considered the option of discussing his issues pertaining to religious beliefs in a detailed manner (Amy Delpo, 2007). such a case of serious misconduct in the case of the grievant eventually led to his expulsion from the company as the manager was convinced over time to the relative insensitivity of the employee to his orders. Many large companies follow a system of progressive discipline although such practices are not given a proper definition. Further, it must be noted that the manager was also rather unheeding to the concerns of the employee with regards to the compromise of his modesty had he agreed to the directives of the manager. the grievant tried his best to convince his manager that the un-tucked shirt would not pose any problems in an environment with moving parts and also made efforts to reach out to his manager by presenting a book on the guidelines for employers in following Islamic religious practices (George Odiorne, 1990). However, it is believed that both the entities are equally to blame in this scenario as none was found to have budged from their earlier stand and that the eventual termination was just a matter of time as both parties would not heed to the concerns of the other and had made no serious effort to consider any notable alternatives. any action in an employment scenario qualifies as ‘tangible’ provided it leads to a significant change in the status of an employee. Although it is argued by the plaintiff that she was

Discussion Board 8, Chapter 10 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Discussion Board 8, Chapter 10 - Essay Example But our group leaders had a tendency to challenge our abilities. They would often ask us how we knew something was too complex without even trying to accomplish the instructions for the experiment. Our leader chose to validate our concerns by understanding our point of view and then negotiated with us regarding how we could complete the chosen experiment. That is how we would find ourselves working out the â€Å"complex† instructions and actually getting the work done. Then we would find out that it was never too â€Å"complex† at all. Then there was the time when I was part of the school dance committee. Our theme was 80s retro. The cost of our decorations were beginning to skyrocket and our class president would often remind us that our budget was running low. Luckily, we were a highly creative bunch in the group who knew that just because something was expensive, that did not mean we could not have it. Rather, it just meant that we would have to improvise instead, and improvise we did. By getting everyone involved in finding a solution to the problem, the result was a highly cooperative group that managed to pull off a school dance that looked expensive on a shoestring

Business Personnel and Human Resource Management Essay

Business Personnel and Human Resource Management - Essay Example Human resource management is the management that helps in the recruitment, selection, training and development of workers in an organization to get members who can work towards achieving the goal of the organization (Aswathappa, 2005:5). Although personnel management and human resource management may seem to be the same, the difference is that personnel management deals entirely with the workforce while human resource management deals with the resources (Pangarkar, 2008:17). The organizational purpose of a company depends majorly on the human resource management. An organization that lacks good and organized human resource cannot achieve its goal. Human resource management is important because it is the management that deals with the recruitment of the workers, without which the purpose of the company cannot be achieved. If there is lack of the workforce, then the organization would not achieve its goal. It is the human resource management that deals with the selection of the newly r ecruited workers, to ensure the workers work in the fields that they can deliver their duties well. The human resource management also organizes for training to the workers to ensure they gain knowledge. The processes of recruiting selection and training of workers, all which lie under human resource management work towards accomplishing the goal of an organization; thus, human resource management have an important impact on the purpose of an organization (Weber, 2008.:51). B. Access the role and responsibilities of a line manager in the Google Company The Google Company is a company formed with the aim of making it easy for people to search for anything from the web. It is a site that understands everything that anyone searches and gives back exactly what people need. Google, being a company like any other has its organizational structure which helps in its daily operation. A line manager is the manager who is closer to the workers, who deals with the issues brought to them by empl oyees or teams and is responsible for a higher level of management for the employees (CIPD, 2013). Line managers are responsible for daily management of workers and issues affecting them. The line manager in this company is the one who manages the operational costs of the company through accessing the company’s operational expenses. Line managers should also provide technical training to the workers. They induce the workers to the job through organizing for trainings in the various job fields in the company. A line manager has the responsibility if allocating the work to different workers to ensure that the right person attends the right duty. It is also their duty to supervise the progress of the work in the company, to check for any failures in delivery of duty by the workers. They also monitor the quality of the work done to ensure that the company meets and maintains its standards. Customers in a given field of business have their needs and desires that need to be address ed. Responsibly, the line manager responds to the needs and complaints of the clients effectively to aid in realization of organizational golas. All these duties of the line manager focus on ensuring a successful progress on the company; thus it is the duty of the line manager to measure the performance of all the operations (Weber, 2008:73). C. Examine the organizational environment that impacts the HRM function in your organization, outlining the impacts of legal and

Enterprise social networks Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Enterprise social networks - Essay Example Social media acts as a great equalizer. The educational institutions can utilize the social media and promote themselves without spending money and small colleges can also become popular instantly. There are many small colleges and educational institutes who have posted videos of their courses and online classes to create small advertisement with the resources available within the institute and uploaded them on YouTube or Facebook. Those videos received huge number of likes and the institutions became popular instantly. This study is based on utilizing social media networking for higher education and students in the universities and colleges. The cost for promotion through social networking sites is negligible and it is very easy to understand and handle. This will surely reduce the internal cost of the universities and colleges. Introduction The concept of enterprise social networking involves the usage of social networks or various social relations on the internet for various busin ess or personal purposes. Enterprise social networking basically works on the Web 2.0 platform. It is since 1990s the inception of social networking sites were seen in the world market. The first website motivating this concept was Theglobe.com in the year 1995. This website was only accessible by the registered users, but the website became available for general public usage from 1998. Since then many networking sites have come up for providing a common platform to share information (Uhomoibhi, 2006, pp. 4-14). However, the challenge was that internet, computers and related technology were not so much in use. People could neither easily afford them, nor were they considered important in daily lives of grown-up or any student. Eventually after the penetration of technology, World Wide Web and lightening fast speed of information, social networking mediums surfaced once again (Ernst & Young, 2012). The development of social networking and its rising popularity has been observed in th e 2000s. Nowadays social sites like MySpace, Twitter, LinkedIn, Facebook, and many more have become synonyms for social media industry. The popularity associated with social media is growing with the passing days and it is connecting more and more people on the basis of their preferences, similar purchase habits, likes and dislikes. Whether it is some news ticker that is promoting the view or news of some anchors or journalist on Twitter, social media is utilised everywhere and in every way. The latest insights revealed by a famous research firm Nielsen on social media networking and marketing states these above mentioned facts. USA claims to have 80 percent of the blog and social media users among the American countries (Nielsen, 2011). The time consumption of the students, youngsters, and also elders on the social media is increasing every day. For example about 60 percent of the customers who use more than two to three digital means definitely use social media as a means of resea rch when they go out to buy products or avail services (Nielsen, 2011). The brief introduction above clearly explains the scenario of the global market and also the penetration level of social media in our daily lives. Social media has penetrated in every field and industry. However, to narrow down the analysis, the discussion in this study would specifically include the usage of social media by students in schools, institutions, colleges, etc. A literary analysis of social media strategies and its four pillars would support the discussion further. Apart from this the probable role that social media can play in educational sector specifically in schools, university would also be evaluated.