Ginsbergs America in Time - 1275 Words

In Allen Ginsbergs America, written in January of 1956, the author admits I am obsessed with Time Magazine. I read it every week (Ginsberg 46-47). For this reason I have chosen issue number 24 of volume LXVI of Time, published December 12, 1955, to illustrate Ginsbergs influences by the current national and world events of his time. The cover of this issue depicts the jolly St. Nick behind the beaming bald head of toymaker Louis Marx. This joyous illustration projects how the media sought to spread happiness and Christmas cheer despite national woes such as nuclear arms threats and the countrys slow movement toward national desegregation. Ginsbergs dramatic monologue, America, demonstrates his emotions tied to the Cold War†¦show more content†¦The author takes this position as the event was in the middle of the Cold War, during which the United States attempted to contain the threat of communism throughout allied nations and in opposition promoted democracy and capitalis m. Of Indias Prime Minister Nehru during the time of the visit, the author claims he gave them [the Russian communist party] platforms to spread their deception, and sponsored their attacks on all that free nations stand for. It may take years to undo the mischief (COMMUNISTS). The authors diction, more specifically the use of the word mischief, implies his opinion that the spread of communism is bad and that India greeting such visitors was morally wrong. In this statement, as well as in his tone throughout the entire article, the author projects an opinion that communism is both evil and deceptive and that those who welcome their authorities into their countries are in a way supporting the supposed evils they may promote or commit. In America, Ginsberg acknowledged the collective opinion of American media and populace that communism is both evil and a world-wide threat to democracy. He declared America its them bad Russians and that the Russias power mad (Ginsberg 85, 88). These claims support the accepted American view of communism as threatening, furtherShow MoreRelatedDislikes of the American Society and the Injustices in America in Allen Ginsbergs Poetry1693 Words   |  7 PagesDislikes of the American Society And the Injustices in America In Allen Ginsbergs Poetry By Matt Feeko Mrs. Juenger English 1 18 April 1999 Dislikes of the American Society And the Injustices in America In Allen Ginsbergs Poetry Allen Ginsberg started his infamous life as a revolutionary and poet of the beat generation when he began attending Colombia University. While at Colombia Ginsberg metRead MoreAnalysis Of Allen Ginsberg s The Cold War 1303 Words   |  6 PagesGinsberg s poem, America affords an in-depth critique on the United States of America during the Cold War (1947–1991) and takes a critical look at the country from both a social and a political perspective. The fast paced, intense personal focus of Ginsberg’s stream of consciousness format for his poem, not only argues with individuals and society but also directly to the country itself in regard to America s involvement in war. Examine how the text reflects the key concerns of the time period. (ConsiderRead MoreA Comparison of Whitman’s Song of Myself with Ginsberg’s Howl1231 Words   |  5 Pagescontent of â€Å"Howl† may have been impressed by â€Å"Song of Myself,† Ginsberg’s poem expresses a change from Whitman’s use of the line, his first-person recital, and his vision of America. As Whitman’s seamless lines are open-ended, speaking the voice of a universal speaker presenting a positive outlook of America, Ginsberg’s poem, on the contrary, uses long lines that end inward to present the uneasiness and madness that feature the vision of America that Ginsberg exhibits through the voice of a prophetic speakerRead MoreAllen Ginsberg, A Supermarket in California Literary Analysis1669 Words   |  7 PagesJasamyn Wimmer English 1B Professor Kleinman 5 March 2013 Brief Literary Analysis Lost America: An analysis of â€Å"A Supermarket in California† Allen Ginsberg; philosopher, activist, poet, a man highly revered as a groundbreaking figure between the 1950’s Beat Poetry Generation and the counter-cultural revolution of the 1960’s (poetryarchive.org). Ginsberg’s first book â€Å"Howl and Other Poems,† was published in 1955, his work was involved in an illustrious obscenity trial because of the use ofRead More Supermarket in Califorina and Constantly Risking Absurdity Essay example1385 Words   |  6 Pages â€Å"A Supermarket in California† and â€Å"Constantly Risking Absurdity† Allen Ginsberg’s poem â€Å"A Supermarket in California† and Lawrence Ferlinghetti’s poem â€Å"Constantly Risking Absurdity† describe the struggle within to find beauty and self worth. Where Allen Ginsberg is lost in the market, desperately trying to find inspiration from Walt Whitman, Lawrence Ferlinghetti portrays the image of the poet frantically trying to balance on a high wire, risking not only absurdity, but also death. Both of theseRead MoreThe Song Of Myself By Walt Whitman And Howl1353 Words   |  6 PagesBoth â€Å"Song of Myself† by Walt Whitman and â€Å"Howl† by Allen Ginsberg are important pieces of American poetry. â€Å"Song of Myself† was written in the 1850’s and â€Å"Howl† was written about a century later. Both poets were part of groups that wanted to change America – the Transcendentalists and the Beats. Transcendentalists believed in the goodness of people and nature. They believe that peo ple are at their best when they are truly independent. The Beats rejected standard values and materialism. They experimentedRead MoreSocial Pressures Reflected in Ginsbergs Howl Essay921 Words   |  4 PagesSocial Pressures Reflected in Ginsbergs Howl Post World War II America produced a number of images that will be forever imprinted on the minds of Americans. Such images as television shows like Leave It To Beaver and I Love Lucy, movies such as An Affair To Remember, and Brigadoon, are watched frequently even in todays society. But in this world of fairytale movies and the American Dream, what about those who didnt fit into the picture of perfection and prosperity? These menRead MoreAnalysis Of Allen Ginsberg s Howl And 1661 Words   |  7 Pagescontemporary political circumstances in America’s sexual politics, although he disregards these views. In the later twentieth century, bursting from walls, waving their genitals on roofs, and balling in parks is an indication that gay pride movements in America assemble through their openness in the focus of punishing violence towards these homosexual individuals, which criticise dominant social orders and challenge the laws. Being in reflection of gay and queer discourses, there is a judgement in the subjectRead More Allen Ginsbergs America Essay2026 Words   |  9 PagesAllen Ginsbergs America Through a careful interpretation of A Defense of Poetry by Percy Bysshe Shelley and Democratic Vistas by Walt Whitman, one can gain a holistic sense of poetry, what it is and what it does, that can be applied to literary texts of all times. One can better understand Allen Ginsbergs America through an examination of the aforementioned texts as well. The literary merit of the poem is best recognized through Walt Whitmans Democratic Vistas, although Percy Bysshe ShelleysRead MoreAnalysis on Allen Ginsberg’s â€Å"America†1591 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"America† by Allen Ginsberg was written in a very trying time, right after World War II and at the beginning of the Cold War. This was a time of controversy and taking a stand for personal beliefs, and Ginsberg did just that. Although America has been known by many as â€Å"the best country† and the country most accepting of other ethnicities, Allen Ginsberg shows that Americans are not all accepting and as goo d as many people believe. America, just like every country has had its problems and flaws, leading

William Shakespeare s Female Characters - 1232 Words

Katherine Sosa. Julie Clifton. April 22, 2015 Shakespeare s Female Characters. The English playwright and poet William Shakespeare is generally known to be one of the greatest English writers and creators of all time. However, his works open themselves up to interpretation, whether in historical context or symbolism; they lend themselves to every readers individual response. In this research paper I will be addressing patriarchy, his treatment of female characters as commodity, and the misogynistic themes in his works. My goal is not to find the ultimate answer to the question of whether Shakespeare was a misogynist or not, that would simply be unrealistic. But through analysis of some of his major female characters I hope to show that a misunderstanding, and a fear of women is shown in his works. In the end females are usually subdued and the patriarchal structures are secured again. There are many types of female characters represented in Shakespeare s various plays: tragic innocent women, women falsely accused of adultery, a nd scheming women are just a few examples. First lets talk about the tragic innocent female characters. These women are usually pure and chaste and later they tragically die after their innocence is destroyed. An obvious example of a tragic female would be Juliet. At only thirteen she is extremely vulnerable, and naive. During the course of the play she is systematically stripped of everything, because of her love forShow MoreRelatedFemale Characters Of William Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet2248 Words   |  9 PagesAbstract—Numerous characters appear in the works of England’s most prominent play writer, William Shakespeare. Most of the time, his male protagonists possess various and complex characteristics throughout the storyline of his work, making it interesting for the readers to analyze their actions in many different aspects. However, some critics argue that unlike male characters, Shakespeare’s female characters are rather more flat and one-sided, point ing out that they are either the extreme versionRead MoreFemale Characters Of The Play By William Shakespeare s Tis Pity She s A Whore 3117 Words   |  13 PagesThere are a vast variety of female characters in the play with many diverse personality types. Ford writes most of the female characters to be weak and inferior to men to fit with the Victorian audiences idea of how women were to be perceived - ‘powerless and at the mercy of men’. There are also certain female characters such as Putana and Hippolita who appear to go against the stereotypical idea of how women should act and behave during the Victorian era, these characters would have been extremelyRead MorePortrayal Of Women During The Elizabethan Period1656 Words   |  7 Pagescharacterization of female characters in Macbeth by William Shakespeare, the Elizabethan period had a lack of respect for women, but Shakespeare changed it by having powerful, strong and independent female characters, like Lady Macbe th. Throughout history, women have not had the same amount of right and respect as the men. â€Å"Women were regarded as ‘the weaker sex’, not just in terms of physical strength, but emotionally too† (Sharnette). According to Shakespeare’s World/Stage, â€Å"During the time of William ShakespeareRead MoreTwelfth Night Love Essay1610 Words   |  7 Pages William Shakespeare has written a number of romantic comedies. Twelfth Night is one of the finest comedies of the author. Shakespeare is driven by Viola’s decision to voluntarily conceal her identity and go to work as a servant for the lovesick Orsino.This disguise and gender confusion are there in the beginning of the play and finishes with happy ending. This paper tries to ascertain how Viola in Twelfth Night perform her disguise and become an ideal woman of Shakespeare’s own concept. There mayRead MoreGender Roles Of Female Characters1479 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout the eras, literatu re has mirrored the social changes taking place in English society specifically in regards to gender roles of female characters. The Elizabethan era, which lasted from 1558 to 1603, is often referred to as the golden age by historians where many transitions in English society regarding marriage and gender took place (Ivic 110). It was a time in which wives were viewed as the property of their husbands (Ivic 110). However, every woman was expected to marry and be dependentRead MoreWilliam Shakespeares Taming of the Shrew William Shakespeare’s romantic comedy, The Taming of1100 Words   |  5 Pages William Shakespeares Taming of the Shrew William Shakespeare’s romantic comedy, The Taming of the Shrew, is an embodiment of the context in which the text was shaped, the Renaissance. The Renaissance period was a time of progression, primarily in the areas of art, science, humanism, religion and self-awareness. The Renaissance focused on taking elements of the past including religion, art and science and adapting them to make them better. Humanists advocated for the freedom of the individualsRead MoreGender Stereotypes : Macbeth And The Wife Of Bath1515 Words   |  7 Pageswomen as a weak stereotypical female, some authors such as William Shakespeare and Geoffrey Chaucer challenged this by describing the female characters as strong and ambitious characters. Not only challenging the sexual stereotypes that existed in both time periods, Geoffrey Chaucer and William Shakespeare also enabled the female characters both in Macbeth and The Wife of Bath exploit their sexuality to obtain the balance of power. Female characters in Macbeth and The Wife of BathRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Taming Of The Shrew889 Words   |  4 PagesIn many accounts, William Shakespeare’s Taming Of The Shrew, is often criticized for its seemingly misogynistic themes; such as the thought of â€Å"taming† a woman, thus making her completely submissive to her husband. While in the opening of the play, Katharine, ill-tempered but seemingly impenetrable, gets pulverized by Petruchio’s contradicting her words, and also saying disgusting jokes in an intense verbal arguement. In another example, one of the other main characters, Bianca, was bet on by severalRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet1264 Words   |  6 Pagestheater-going public the most important dramatist in English literature, Shakespeare occupies a well-known position in the world of talented authors. His canon contains thirty-seven plays, written in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. A dditionally, throughout the years, they continue to sustain critical attention, with the majority of his works circling tragedies, one being Romeo and Juliet. William Shakespeare s Romeo and Juliet speaks to the timeless appeal of star-crossed loversRead MoreAnalysis Of Wuthering Heights 1398 Words   |  6 PagesHeights is a fictional novel written by Emily Bronte. This book is very sexist with the females frequently being immature, overly dramatic and childish. The betrayal in this book come when Heathcliff feels that Catherine betrayed herself by not pursuing his love. Hindle also showed jealousy towards heathcliff. In the play Macbeth written by William Shakespeare, Lady Macbeth is the most famous woman character. She is stronger, more ambitious and ruthless than her husband. Lady Macbeth pushed her husband

Korematsu v. United States Free Essays

Introduction Toyosaburo Korematsu v. United States, 323 U.S. We will write a custom essay sample on Korematsu v. United States or any similar topic only for you Order Now 214 (1944), is considered to be the most important of the Japanese-American cases because it upheld the forced exclusion of loyal citizens. The case was decided by a 6 to 3 majority vote by the Justices to sustain Korematsu’s conviction for exclusion order violation. Justice Hugo Black authored the majority opinion. The dissenter in the decision among others was Justice Frank Murphy. If situations arise in which legal reasoning overrides the value of a narrative, it may be time for the decision makers to reformulate the law. The Justices in Korematsu, in making their decision had the authority to use the law as they did, but they also had the authority to go the other direction and strike down the wrongful actions of the government. The following opinions of the Court fully explain the facts of the case. Majority Opinion: Justice Black Justice Black, considered at the time to be the civil libertarian of the Court, delivered the majority opinion in Korematsu v. United States, upholding the conviction of Fred Korematsu. He began by stating that â€Å"all legal restrictions which curtail the civil rights of a single racial group are immediately suspect† (Korematsu 216). He then qualified this statement by asserting that not all such restrictions are unconstitutional, but that they should be subject to the most rigid scrutiny (216). Black then laid the legal groundwork for the case by reciting the Congressional Act, which Korematsu is accused of â€Å"knowingly and admittedly† violating. Korematsu is convicted of violating the Congressional Act sanctioned via Executive Order No. 9066, requiring ‘every possible protection against espionage and sabotage’ through national defense, and then applied via military Exclusion Order 34, requiring the exclusion of all those of Japanese ancestry from designated military zones (216). Justice Black then revealed the case context by explaining the precedent on which Korematsu would rely. In the series of military orders, the first violation was the curfew order. The Supreme Court upheld this conviction in the preceding case of Kiyoshi Hirabayashi v. United States, 320 U.S. 81 (1944). Black explained that the both the Hirabayashi conviction and the Korematsu conviction are upheld by the same Act of Congress, aimed at protection against sabotage and espionage. The Act was disputed as unconstitutional by the petitioner in Hirabayashi because it was beyond the war powers of the government, and that the curfew order was aimed at only citizens of Japanese ancestry, and therefore discriminatory (217). Justice Black contended that these arguments were seriously considered, but that the curfew order was upheld as necessary government prevention of sabotage and espionage threatened by Japanese attack (217). Acknowledging that exclusion is a â€Å"far greater deprivation† than the curfew, Black remained supportive of the military authorities because the Court was unable to prove that exclusion of those of Japanese ancestry was beyond the war power â€Å"at the time† that it occurred (218). He claimed the exclusion â€Å"has a definite and close relationship† with the prevention of sabotage and espionage (218). The petitioner disputed the assumptions on which the Hirabayashi opinion rested and contended that by May, when the exclusion was ordered, there was no longer danger of invasion (218). Black flatly rejected these contentions, reciting Hirabayashi, â€Å" ‘†¦we cannot reject as unfounded the judgment of the military authorities and of Congress that there were disloyal members of that population, whose number and strength could not be precisely and quickly ascertained’†¦most of whom we have no doubt were loyal to this country† (218-219). To the petitioner’s charge of group discrimination, Black answered that the Court sustained exclusion of the whole group because it could not reject the military’s contention that immediate separation of the loyal from disloyal was impossible (219). The next portion of the majority opinion speaks to the petitioner’s and dissenters’ arguments against the government by giving an account and explanation of the pertinent dates that were in question as ill-fitting of the military’s assertions and the decision of the court. One of the counter arguments to the Majority opinion was that on May 30, 1942, when Korematsu was charged with remaining in the prohibited area, there were conflicting orders forbidding him both not to leave and to remain in the area (220). Justice Black refuted this argument by stating that the March 27, 1942 order stated that it was in effect until further direction from a subsequent order. The exclusion order was that subsequent order, which was given on May 3, 1942 and was to be enacted by May 9. Citing more important information concerning the dates, Justice Black explicitly conceded that before the exclusion was to take place on May 9, an instruction to report to an assembly center upon evacuation was issued, â€Å" ‘to insure the orderly evacuation and resettlement of Japanese voluntarily migrating from military area No. 1 to restrict and regulate such migration’ † (221). On May 19, 1942, before Korematsu was arrested, the military issued an order that â€Å"provided for detention of those of Japanese ancestry in assembly or relocation centers,† and so it was argued that the exclusion order could not be considered separately from the detention order (221). Justice Black refuted the notion that the Court must pass on the â€Å"whole detention program† when only the exclusion charge is before them (221). The majority asserted that since Korematsu was not convicted of failing to report to or remain in an assembly center, that they could not determine the validity of the separate order (222). Speaking on the issue, Black stated that, â€Å" It will be time enough to decide the serious constitutional issues which [the] petitioner seeks to raise when an assembly or relocation order is applied or is certain to be applied to him and we have its terms before us† (222). Justice Black’s opinion spoke to the argument of racism in consideration of the fact that there had been no evidence of Korematsu’s disloyalty. Black denied that the order was based on racial prejudice. He implied a more complex situation, due to wartime, by stating that the Court’s task would be â€Å"simple† and its â€Å"duty clear were this a case involving the imprisonment of a loyal citizen in a concentration camp because of racial prejudice.† Black added that, â€Å"regardless of the true nature of the assembly and relocation centers†¦we are dealing specifically with nothing but an exclusion order.† (223). Finally, the majority opinion ended with the issue of military deference. Due to the military’s fear of invasion, â€Å"they [the military] decided† that the situation demanded segregation of the citizens of Japanese ancestry, and Congress determined that â€Å"they should have the power to do this† (223). Ironically Black stated that, â€Å"Korematsu was not excluded from the Military Area because of hostility to him or his race. He was excluded because we are at war with the Japanese Empire†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (223). Black ended by asserting that from the â€Å"calm perspective of hindsight,† the Court cannot â€Å"say that at that time these actions were unjustified† (223). Dissenting Opinion: Justice Murphy Justice Murphy’s opinion can be referred to as the most scathing criticism of the three dissents, with his argument based on the charge of racism. First, Justice Murphy mentioned that the plea of military necessity for the exclusion came â€Å"in the absence of martial law,† and so should have been approved (233). He asserted that such exclusion goes beyond constitutional power into â€Å"the ugly abyss of racism† (233). Justice Murphy acknowledged the need to consider the reasoning of Military authority during war, and stated that their judgments should â€Å"not be overruled lightly† by those who may not have access to all of the military intelligence (233). He believed, however that there should be limits where martial law has not been declared (233). He claimed that individuals could not be stripped of their rights by â€Å"military necessity that has neither substance nor support† (233). Murphy explicitly reserved the right of the judicial branch to judge the validity of military discretion. Murphy cited the traditional judicial test of military discretion in depriving rights in various Court precedents: â€Å"Whether the deprivation is reasonably related to a public danger that is ‘so immediate, imminent, and impending’ as not to admit of delay and not to permit the intervention of ordinary constitutional processes to alleviate the danger† (234). He then pointed to the verbiage of the exclusion order having used the phrase ‘all person of Japanese ancestry, both alien and non-alien,’ and declared it insufficient to meet the immediate danger criteria, calling it â€Å"obvious racial discrimination† (234). The order deprived those within its scope of their Fifth Amendment rights of equal protection (235). The order also deprived them of due process, because it excluded them without hearings and deprived them of being able to live and work where they choose and move about freely (235). Justice Murphy found no correlation between the exclusion and immediate danger, citing it as a â€Å"racial restriction† that brought about more â€Å"sweeping and complete deprivations of constitutional rights in the history of this nation in the absence of martial law† (235). Justice Murphy conceded that there was a fear of invasion, sabotage and espionage at the time on the Pacific Coast, and that reasonable military action would have been appropriate; however, the â€Å"exclusion, either temporarily or permanently, of all persons with Japanese blood in their veins has no such reasonable relation† (235). The military reasons, he states, relied on the assumptions that all those of Japanese ancestry have â€Å"a dangerous tendency to commit sabotage and espionage and to aid our Japanese enemy in other ways† (235). Justice Murphy’s opinion specifies the incongruent relationship of military necessity and immediate danger by reviewing the text of General DeWitt’s final report. He found that the report erroneously assumes â€Å"racial guilt† rather than military necessity. Murphy used as an example the words of DeWitt, who â€Å"refers to all individuals of Japanese descent as ‘subversive,’ as belonging to an ‘enemy race’ whose ‘racial strains are undiluted,’ and as constituting ‘over 112,000 potential enemies†¦at large today’ along the Pacific Coast† (236). In the report, Murphy found no reliable evidence of disloyalty, using either general or menacing conduct of the Japanese aliens and citizens (236). Murphy claimed that â€Å"justification is sought, instead, mainly upon questionable racial and sociological grounds not ordinarily within the realm of expert military judgment† (236-237). He proceeded to cover and dispute the evidence provided by General DeWitt. Justice Murphy’s opinion continued with more â€Å"unverified† information used in the General’s report to the Government. He methodically included footnotes behind each of DeWitt’s assertions, which cited studies that refuted assimilation claims, clarified reasons for dual citizenship and other claims, and also pointed out statements made that were based on pure speculation. Justice Murphy thereby disproved a â€Å"reasonable relation between the group characteristics of Japanese-Americans and the dangers of invasion, sabotage and espionage† (239). Acknowledging the long-standing racial discrimination of the group, Justice Murphy chastised the military for having based its decision on racial and sociological judgments when â€Å"every charge relative to race, religion, culture, geographical location, and legal and economic status has been substantially discredited by independent studies made by experts in these matters† (240). Justice Murphy then directed his opinion to a discussion of individual guilt, which is recognized by the United States, as opposed to group guilt. He stated that there are some disloyal individuals who are among those of Japanese ancestry, just as there are among those of German and Italian ancestry, but to cite examples of individual disloyalty as indicative of group disloyalty is discriminatory (240). This process, he continued, denies our legal system that is based on deprivation of rights for individual guilt (240). There were no â€Å"adequate reasons† given by the military not to treat Japanese-Americans like German-Americans and Italian-Americans, and hold investigations and hearings on an individual basis in order to separate the loyal from the disloyal (241). Murphy cited the inconsistency between the claim that â€Å" ‘time was of the essence,’ † and the time period it took for the enactment of orders. The exclusion order was issued four months after Pearl Harbor, the last order was issued eight months later, and the â€Å"last of these ‘subversive’ persons was not actually removed until almost eleven months had elapsed† (241). â€Å"Deliberation† was more â€Å"of the essence than speed† (241). Murphy emphasized the suspect representation of urgency when â€Å"conditions were not such as to warrant a declaration of martial law† (241). Murphy held that within this time period and in these circumstances it would have been possible to hold loyalty hearings for at least the 70,000 American citizens â€Å"especially when a large part of this number represented children and elderly men and women† (242). As evidence to this, Murphy cited the fact that during a six-month period the British set up hearing boards and summoned and examined 74,000 Germans and Austrians (Korematsu Footnote 16). Finally, Justice Murphy ends his opinion in a declaration of dissent: I dissent, therefore, from this legalization of racism. Racial discrimination in any form and in any degree has no justifiable part whatever in our democratic way of life. It is unattractive in any setting but it is utterly revolting among a free people who have embraced the principles set forth in the Constitution of the United States. (242) Discussion and Summary The decision set one of the gravest precedents in history for the United States. Since then, efforts at redress have been made in the form of minimal monetary compensation, congressional acts allowing Asian immigrants to become naturalized citizens, and Presidential apologies. Fred Korematsu received the Presidential Medal of Freedom in January of 1998 for his courage in standing up to an unjust deprivation of liberty. The Korematsu case is a constant reminder to Americans that civil liberties for all citizens must be especially protected under adverse conditions, even in the face of public opposition and wrongful government action. Korematsu vs. United States is one of the best examples of the Supreme Court deferring to military and government authority, even under conditions that the Court itself realizes are suspicious. The Majority Court purposely avoided ruling on the whole process of exclusion, evacuation, and internment set by the military and sanctioned by the government before Fred Korematsu’s arrest. The narrow parameters in which they ruled were highly questionable because Fred Korematsu along with the rest of the ethnic Japanese were mandated to abide by the whole process intended by the military and the government to be a program. The Justice Black’s opinion make it clear that Majority do not intend to question the reasoning of the government and military, but only to suppose that they have one and therefore that the order is valid. The Majority leans on the context of war to legitimize their decision. The Justice Murphy’s opinion targets distinct and relative issues. He comments on the racial nature of the decision while focusing separately on the indivisibility of the exclusion order from the program, the lack of evidence to back the military’s report, and the danger of constitutionally endorsing the Majority decision. The Korematsu Court, acting as final judge of the entire episode, allowed those with power to decide the prevailing value in its ruling. Their decision was not consistent with their duty. Justice Black, in the majority opinion, makes two strong references that reveal the Court’s intent not to question the values of those in power. In the first reference, they reject Korematsu’s arguments and rest on precedent by quoting Hirabayashi: â€Å" ‘†¦we cannot reject as unfounded the judgement of the military authorities and of Congress that their were disloyal members of the population†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬  (Korematsu 218). The Court never answers why they cannot reject the military’s assertions, which were weak and lacking in any concrete evidence. In the second statement, Justice Black says on the Court’s behalf that, â€Å"we cannot-by availing ourselves of the calm perspective of hindsight-now say that at that time these actions were unjustified† (Korematsu 224). Again, no plausible explanation was provided. The nature of trials is such that many times they are conducted in the calm perspective of hindsight and their duty and purpose is to determine whether or not there is justification for the actions of those involved. Justice Murphy dutifully reviewed the military findings, and in doing so found: No reliable evidence is cited to show that such individuals were generally disloyal, or had generally so conducted themselves in this area as to constitute a special menace to defense installations or war industries, or had otherwise by their behavior furnished reasonable ground for their exclusion as a group. (Korematsu 236) Public opinion and political pressure were the initiators of the government actions, however, government and military officials were the ones who made the decisions to act on those pressures. Worse yet, in the face of this influence and power, the 1944 Supreme Court displayed the same negative value of racism as the populace by shamefully failing in their duty to remain impartial and pass judgment based on the constitutionality of the individual’s conviction. From the perspective of the Majority of the 1944 Supreme Court, the issues involved in the Korematsu case were based purely on their own and the government’s motives. The Supreme Court Majority completely lacked consideration for the value of the Japanese person perspective in the United States. References Toyosaburo Korematsu v. United States, 323 U.S. 214 (1944). Available at: laws.findlaw.com/us/323/214.html How to cite Korematsu v. United States, Essay examples

Dynamic Leadership and Organizations

Question: Discuss about the Dynamic Leadership and Organizations. Answer: Introduction: Leadership is a continuous process. In course of time, an ordinary person can become an extra ordinary leader, with the help of his traits, skills, behaviors and decision-making power. This reflective essay is dedicated to explore and discuss the leadership journey of the writer. From a short sighted, autocratic decision maker, the author has gradually become a democratic and transformational leader. It is a journey, which is continuously evolving and developing the leadership skills of the author. A leader can inspire and motivate others to identify their own goals (Dvir et al. 2015). The author is also striving to achieve the greatness of an inspirational and transformational leader in the course of his journey of being a leader. Reflection: Leadership can best be identified as a journey. As mentioned by Avolio and Walumbwa (2014), it is an art of motivating, inspiring and persuading people to act towards achieving a goal. My own leadership pattern has been evolving with my life. A number of situations, challenges and peoples have made me enrich myself with the qualifications of a good leader. in the initial years of my career, I had an idea that a leader need to make his followers do the tasks set by him. However, with the course of time and experiencing failure in leading people I have realized that it is the task of a leader to inspire people to set their own goal and achieve it with their own motivation. In the initial years of my professional career, I have tried to control all my employees, but it led me to experience employee dissatisfaction and loss in profitability. I have also found the employees, who were adaptive to the control I exercised, but in course of time, I have found that it as being impossible to challenge the status quo and experience growth in the company with them. Here, I realized that it is important for a leader to be democratic and let people communicate and express their views. As mentioned by Trivellas and Drimoussis (2013), unlike a manager, a leader strives to achieve innovation to grow farther. For achieving this goal a leader, needs to make the employees come up with their ideas and communicate in an open manner. MBTI Assessment: Self-awareness is typically needed for the growth of my leadership style and personality. As mentioned by Furnham and Crump (2015), self-assessment provides better insight into the personal and leadership style of an individual which is helpful in improving (Bales 2016). A number of strategies can be used for executing a self-assessment. The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) can be used to identify my own personality or leadership style. As mentioned by Bales (2016), based on the type theory of Carl G Jung, Katherine Biggs and Isabel Myers developed the MBIT model of self-assessment. As per the dichotomies set by the model, I can place myself in the ISTP level. As per my own sense and exercised leadership style, it can identify me as an introvert, as I focus on the thoughts, emotions and experiences of others and myself. With the course of time, I have realized that it is important for a leader to concentrating on listening that speaking. On the other hand, I prefer sensing dichotomy. For the decision-making, I prefer using experience and the learned skills. I believe on to be realistic even while being visionary for the future. Hence, while opting for a new strategy, I love to be democratic, as it helps me in looking at the big picture, which is hard for me as a sensing personality. I know, I need to develop the N dichotomy while making decision. Moreover, in the T-F dichotomy, I can place myself in the thinking position. I prefer to make decision based on the logic or situation. I like to be truthful in my interaction with the followers. I consider impartiality and fairness as the utmost value of life. Lastly, for the J-P dichotomy I found myself as perceiving. I love to take challenges and I do not fear the unpredictable odds. It helps me in growing for future and provides me the confidence to implement new things in life and in the context of my career. Hence, I can count myself as an ISTP leader. According to the MBTI chart, it makes me open to face challenges (Bales 2016). Feedback: One of my partners has identified that I am being too much calculative while making decision as a leader. It is hampering my risk taking capability. Moreover, as mentioned by Chemers (2014), it is important for the leaders to take risks sometimes. It helps them discovering future. Moreover, as per my partners feedback, my ability of taking risks and the behavior of being too much logical and responsible, it is being contradictory. Hence, I need to make a subtle choice, between them, so that it helps me in actualize my leadership goals. Providing Feedback: While mentoring my partners leadership style, I have identified that he is a situational leader, which helps him to modify his approach as per the situational requirements. However, in order to maintain good organizational culture, a leader should maintain one particular approach (Trivellas and Drimoussis 2013). Therefore, I have mentioned that he must identify his leadership approach and organizational requirement in order to avoid risk. For my partner, I can suggest him to be more considerate before acting. As a leader, the team and his followers are his responsibility. It is good to use the trial and error in life, but with the responsibility of others, it cannot be counted as a good step. Moreover, I would suggest him from my own experience that is important to look at the big picture for future growth in life. As mentioned by Tourish (2014), most of the eminent and popular leaders were intuitive in their personal lives. It helped them to create future for their own rather walkin g on the path carved by someone else. It was their intuition that made them memorable even today. Hence, I would suggest my partner to be more intuitive in his leadership style and personal life as well. Influence of culture: I accept that the national and various organizational cultures have developed my leadership pattern for today. Hence, I believe that the national and the organizational culture have a deep influence on a leader and his leadership style. As mentioned by Trivellas and Drimoussis (2013), culture is about values, norms, and practices. Hence, by identifying what is right and what is wrong, the national and the organizational culture can influence a leadership pattern. According to my own idea, an effective leader needs to be democratic. It is important for them to make people aware of the decisions and include them within it. It helps in creating faith and a sense of security within the followers. National democracy fundamentally induces people to be democratic in their personal dealing. Moreover, as mentioned by Erkutlu (2012), an organization, which believes in autocratic decision-making, no future leader will come up with a democratic attitude. Moreover, I personally like a transformational leadership pattern. As mentioned by Girma (2016), a transformational leader welcomes the idea of others, which helps them to be innovative. However, in a core bureaucratic organizational culture it is hard to exerciser this leadership pattern. Moreover, a nation, which is orthodox it its culture, innovation is not much supported and encouraged. Hence, it is important for the organizations to be democratic and participative in its decision making process to support the transformational leadership style. The communication skills: Communication skills obtain a significant role in the effectiveness of a particular leadership pattern. As mentioned by Mikkelson et al. (2015), only a good communicator can be a great leader. Listing: As mentioned by Martins et al. (2013), to be an effective leader, it is important to be a great listener. With listing, commitment from the followers can be gathered. Trust and respect can be interacted via active listing. Moreover, with this skill, the concerns and idea of the followers can be gathered which will be helpful in transformational leadership. Non-judgmental attitude: As opined by Hackman and Johnson (2013), an effective leader is open to all emotional possibilities. I need to be apt in putting my own emotions and paying focused attention. It will help me in obtaining confidence of my followers. Open communication channel: It is important for the leaders, to uphold an open horizontal and liner communication channel. With an open communication channel, it will be helpful for me to collect feedback from my followers about my leadership and they will be directed in a better manner (Martins et al. 2013). One to one communication: As mentioned by Martins et al. (2013), by observing one to one communication I will be able to understand each of my followers and it will help me to know the motivating factors for them. Thus, a one to one communication strategy will be helpful for me to be a successful transformational leader. Theories and analysis: There are a number of leadership theories and models, which can be discussed for analyzing my own leadership pattern. As mentioned in the trait theory, there are a certain qualities, which make a leader different from his/ her followers (Chemers 2014). As mentioned by Trivellas and Drimoussis (2013), the trait theory considers honesty and integrity as one of the major traits of an effective and successful leader. It makes them different from his followers as people often find it difficult to be honest. I have this particular quality within myself. It has helped me to gain confidence from my followers. My quality of maturity and intelligence can be considered as the traits those will be helpful in lead people. On the other hand, Avolio and Walumbwa (2014) stated that the behavioral theory the pattern of actions of a leader differentiates him/her from their followers. As discussed by this particular theory, the inner traits of a leader will not be helpful for him to be an effective leader, if the behavioral part of him does not make him different from the others. As per the Ohio State Studies, the behavior of a leader can be dignified as two different characters: initiating structure and consideration. As discussed by Trivellas and Drimoussis (2013), in initiating structure, the leader is concentrated on supervising the activities of the employees. On the other hand, the in consideration, a leader focuses on supportiveness, welfare of the employees and respect. As mentioned in the Michigan studies, the behavior of the leaders can be identified as employee centered vs. task centered (Avolio and Walumbwa 2014). As opined by Girma (2016), an employee-oriented leader emphasizes on the interpersonal relation and accepts the individual differences among the members. On the other hand, a task-oriented leader emphasizes on rigid work standard and considers the employees as the tool of accomplishing goals. Here, my democratic leadership behavior will make me different from the others. I personally believe that a democratic leader is more likely to gain the confidence and ideas from the employees. It helps them in encountering various contingent situations. Moreover, my employee centric approach will make me a considerate and employee centered leader. The theories of leadership talk about various kinds of leadership styles. I personally prefer the transformational leadership style. According to Dvir et al. (2015), a transformational leader initiates change within the followers. As discussed by Chemers (2014), these leaders highly self motivated. I have this particular quality within myself. It helps me in motivating others. Moreover, as mentioned by Hackman and Johnson (2013), a transformational leader is inspirational. They do not confine in providing formal acknowledgments but treat each employee as a valued individual and understand what motivated them. I need to grow this quality within myself. It will help me in creating motivation among the employees within themselves. Last but the most importantly, a transformational leader leads with vision. As discussed by Chemers (2014), they then communicate the vision effectively to their followers, and also inspire a sense of commitment and purpose. I want to develop this power of int uition within me. Being an ISTP leader, I lack this quality. However, a transformational leadership can be counted as the best for modern day career approaches. Hence, I need to develop this particular leadership quality within me. Conclusion: Hence, from this above discussion, it can be noted that my leadership journey can be considered as a journey from an autocratic to democratic transformational leader. However, I have not achieved the inclusive qualities of a transformational leader, but I am trying to be one. My leadership journey has made me understand that by exercising effective leadership skills, success can be achieved. 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